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E-governance, expands to electronic governance, is the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all the processes, with the aim of enhancing government ability to address the needs of the general public. The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e. government, citizens, businesses, etc. at National, State and local levels. In short, it is the use of electronic means, to promote good governance. It connotes the implementation of information technology in the government processes and functions so as to cause simple, moral, accountable and transparent governance. It entails the access and delivery of government services, dissemination of information, communication in a quick and efficient manner.
Scope of e-Governance
Governance is all about flow of information between the Government and Citizens, Government and Businesses and Government and Government. E-Governance also covers all these relationships as follows:
A. Government to Citizen (G2C): Government to Citizen relationship is the most
basic aspect of E-Governance. In modern times, Government deals with many
aspects of the life of a citizen. The relation of a citizen with the Government
starts with the birth and ends with the death of the citizen. A person transacts
with the Government on every corner of his life. May it be birth registration,
marriage registration, divorce or death registration. The G2C relation will include
the services provided by the Government to the Citizens. These services include
the public utility services i.e. Telecommunication, Transportation, Post, Medical
facilities, Electricity, Education and also some of the democratic services
relating to the citizenship such as Certification, Registration, Licensing,Taxation, Passports, ID Cards etc. Therefore E-Governance in G2C relationship
will involve facilitation of the services flowing from Government towards Citizens
with the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT).
e-Citizenship - E-Citizenship will include the implementation of ICT for
facilitation of Government Services relating to citizenship of an individual. It
may involve online transactions relating to issue and renewal of documents
like Ration Cards, Passports, Election Cards, Identity Cards, etc. It will require
the Government to create a virtual identity of every citizen so as to enable
them to access the Government services online. For the same, Government
would need to create a Citizen Database which is a huge task.
e-Registration - E-Registration will cover the online registration of various
contracts. An individual enters into several contracts during his life. Many of
these contracts and transactions require registration for giving it legality and
enforceability. Such registration may also be made ICT enabled. E-
registration will help to reduce a significant amount of paperwork.
e-Health - E-Health services would be ICT enablement of the health services
of the Government. Under this interconnection of all hospitals may take place.
A patient database may be created. A local pharmacy database may also be
created. All this can be done.
e-Education - E-Education would cover the implementation of ICT in imparting
of education and conducting of Courses. Distant as will as classroom
education will be facilitated with the use of ICT. Use of internet can reduce the
communication time required in Distance education; Internet may also help in
conducting online classes.
e-Help - E-Help refers to facilitation of disaster and crisis management using
ICT. It includes the use of technologies like internet, SMS, etc. for the purpose
of reducing the response time of the Government agencies to the disasters.
NGOs help Government in providing help in situations of disasters. Online
information relating to disasters, warnings and calls for help can help the
Government and the NGOs coordinate their work and facilitate and speed up
the rescue work.
e-Taxation - E-Taxation will facilitate the taxing process by implementing ICT
in the taxing process. Online tax due alerts and online payment of taxes would
help transact faster.
e-Transportation - E-Transportation services would include ICT enablement of
services of Government relating to Transport by Road, Rail, Water or Air. This
may involve online
B. Citizen to Government (C2G): Citizen to Government relationship will include
the communication of citizens with the Government arising in the Democratic
process like voting, campaigning, feedback, etc.
e-Democracy - The true concept of Democracy includes the participation of
the citizens in the democratic and governing process. Today due to the
increased population the active participation of the citizens in governing
process is not possible. The ICT can help enable the true democratic process
including voting, public opinion, feedback and Government accountability.
e-Feedback - E-Feedback includes the use of ICT for the purpose of giving
feedback to the Government. Lobbying is pursuing the Government to take a
certain decision. Use of ICT can enable online feedback to the Government,
online debates as to the Government services.
C. Government to Government (G2G):G2G relationship would include the
relationships between Central and State Government and also the relationship
between two or more Government departments.
e-administration - E-administration would include the implementation of ICT in
the functioning of the Government, internally and externally. Implementation
of ICT can reduce the communication time between the Government
Departments and Governments. It can substantially reduce paperwork if
properly used. E-administration will also bring morality and transparency to
the administration of Government Departments.
e-police - The concept of E-police is little different from Cyber-Police. Cyber
Police require technology experts to curb the electronic/cyber crimes. E-police
refers to the use of ICT for the purpose of facilitating the work of the Police
department in investigation and administration. The concept of E-police
includes databases of Police Officers, their performances, Criminal databases
wanted as well as in custody, the trends in crimes and much more. ICT can
help reduce the response time of the Police department and also reduce cost
by reducing paperwork.
o e-courts - The concept of E-Court will include the ICT enablement of the
judicial process. Technology may help distant hearing, online summons and
warrants and online publication of Judgments and Decrees.
D. Government to Business (G2B): **e-Taxation - Corporate sector pays many
taxes, duties and dues to the Government. Payment of these taxes and duties
will be made easier by E-Taxation. Online taxing and online payment of taxes
can help reduce cost and time required for physical submission of taxes. ICT
can also help crosscheck the frauds and deficiencies in payment, further
bringing accuracy and revenue to the Government.
o e-Licencing - Companies have to acquire various licences from the
Government, similarly the companies have to acquire various registrations.
ICT enablement of the licensing and registration can reduce time and cost.
o e-Tendering -, E-Tendering will include the facilities of online tendering
and procurement. It will online alerts as to new opportunities of business with
the Government and also online submission of tenders and online allotment of
work. It will reduce time and cost involved in the physical tendering system.
Typical weather stations have the following instruments:
Thermometer for measuring air and sea surface temperature
Hygrometer for measuring humidity
Anemometer for measuring wind speed
Pyranometer for measuring solar radiation
Rain gauge for measuring liquid precipitation over a set period of time.
Wind sock for measuring general wind speed and wind direction
Wind vane, also called a weather vane or a weathercock: it shows which way the wind is blowing.
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